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BLOODSTAIN PATTERN ANALYSIS

​Instructor: Amy Santoro, MFS, CBPA, CSCSA     
Course length:  40 hours


 This course is a 40-hour (5 day) hands on class including lectures and practical exercises. This course is intended to act as an introduction to bloodstain pattern analysis. Upon completion of this course, students should have a basic awareness of BPA, however this course will not make students experts, and will not qualify the students to conduct casework in bloodstain pattern analysis. 
​
Amy Santoro is a bloodstain pattern analyst authorized to perform BPA casework at a 17025 accredited crime laboratory. She is certified via the IAI as a bloodstain pattern analyst and senior crime scene analyst. She is proficiency tested in bloodstain pattern analysis, has presented on BPA at IABPA conferences, authored publications regarding bloodstain pattern analysis and served as a contributing author to a bloodstain pattern analysis textbook. She is an active member of the IABPA.

Course Outline

    I.     Course introduction and pretest
    II.   Introduction to bloodstain pattern analysis
        a. What is bloodstain pattern analysis?
                     i.   Intro to the purpose and function of BPA in investigations
                     ii.   Brief introduction of the boundaries of the discipline
         b.   The history of bloodstain pattern analysis
                      i.   Key players in the history of BPA
                                  1.    Piotrowski, Balthazard, Kirk, Macdonell, etc.
                      ii.   Key groups in the history of BPA
                                  1.   IABPA, SWGSTAIN, OSAC, etc.
                      iii.   Key moments in modern BPA
                                  1.   NAS report
           c.   Applying the scientific method to BPA
                       i.   What is the scientific method?
                       ii.  How do we apply the scientific method to each BPA case?
                                  1.   Data collection, forming conclusions, etc: the scientific method as a BPA                                                     methodology
                        iii.   Developing case specific experiments
                                  1.   What is the difference between an experiment, a reconstruction, and a                                                        recreation?
              d.   Error rate and BPA
                        i.   Error vs uncertainty
              e.   Understanding biohazards
                        i.   Bloodborne pathogens and universal precautions
              f.   Characteristics of blood droplets/intro to fluid dynamics
                        i.   Components of blood
                        ii.   Intro to fluid dynamics and the forces acting upon blood in flight
                                 1.   Non Newtonian nature of blood
                                 2.   Viscosity, adhesion, cohesion, surface tension, gravity, drag, etc
                                 3.   Intro to high speed videos
                        iii.   Effect of volume on individual droplets
                                 1.   High speed video review
                        iv.   Effect of target surface
                                 1.   High speed video review
                                 2.   Intro to lab practical
                         v.   Distance fallen
                                 1.   High speed video review
                                 2.   Intro to lab practical
                         vi.   Angle of impact to stain shape
                                 1.   High speed video review
                                 2.   Intro to lab practical
                          vii.   First lab practical
                                1.   Dripping blood (individual drip stains) from various heights/from various                                                    objects
                                                   a.   Learning objective: diameter of stains as a function of distance fallen and                                                              droplet volume
                                2.   Dripping blood (individual drip stains) onto various surfaces/varying                                                             textures
                                3.   Dripping blood (individual drip stains) onto angle boards from 10 to 90                                                       degrees
                                                    a.   Learning objective: stain shape as a function of impact angle
                 g.   Limitations in BPA conclusions (introduction)
                           i.   Understanding a general BPA conclusion
                           ii.   Introduction to ladder decision making
                           iii.   Case reviews
         III.   Documenting Bloodstain Patterns
                 a.   Photography
                           i.   Overall, midrange, close up photos
                           ii.   Use of off camera flash
                           iii.   Macro photography
                 b.   Scale
                           i.   Use of scales
                           ii.   Labeling and road mapping workflow
                  c.   Presumptive Blood testing
                           i.   Phenolphthalein, hemastix, etc
                           ii.   Blood searching chemicals: luminol, etc
                           iii.   Blood enhancement chemicals: LCV etc
                           iv.   Saliva testing
                   d.   Notes
                           i.   Notes as a permanent record
                           ii.   Data collection (scientific method)
                           iii.   Size, shape, distribution, location, appearance
                           iv.   Uses of sketches in BPA documentation
            IV.   Recognition and Creation of basic stain patterns
                    a.   Passive stains
                           i.   Overview of drip stains, drip patterns, flows, pools, and saturations
                           ii.   Review of high speed videos
                           iii.   Lab practical
                                     1.   Making drip patterns from varying heights on varying targets
                                     2.   Making drip trails
                                                a.   Directionality considerations
                                     3.   Making flows on movable objects
                                     4.   Pools: Making pool and monitoring for clots
                                     5.   Saturations: Making saturations and monitoring for drying 
                    b.   Impact Spatter stains
                           i.   Overview of impact patterns
                           ii.   Review of high speed videos
                           iii.   Lab practical
                                   1.   Making impact pattern
                    c.   Projcected patterns
                           i.   Overview of impact patterns
                           ii.   Review of high speed videos
                           iii.   Lab practical
                                   1.   Making syringe generated projected patterns
                     d.   Cast off patterns
                           i.   Overview of cast off patterns
                           ii.   Forces involved in cast off patterns
                           iii.   Review of high speed videos
                           iv.   Lab practical
                                   1.   Making cast off patterns with varying implements
                                               a.   Learning Objective: Understanding the mech
                                               b.   anism and limitations in evaluation of cast-off pattern stains
                     e.   Cessation pattens
                            i.   Overview of cessation patterns
                            ii.   Review of high speed videos
                            iii.   Lab practical
                     f.   Splashes/large volume patterns
                            i.   Overview of patterns
                            ii.   Review of high speed videos
                     g.   Forward and back spatter patterns
                            i.   Overview of patterns
                            ii.   Review of high speed videos
                            iii.   Lab Practical
                                    1.   Making forward and back spatter patterns
                                           a.   Learning objective: understanding correlation between spatter dispersion and                                                   source-to-target distance and the differences between forward spatter and                                                          back spatter
                    h.   Expirated patterns
                            i.   Overview of expirated patterns
                            ii.   RSID saliva
                            iii.   Review of high speed videos
                     i.   Transfer stains
                            i.   Overview of transfer patterns
                            ii.   Swipes and wipes
                                   1.   High speed video review
                             iii.   Lab practical
                                     1.   Making transfer stains on varying surfaces and with varying objects
                                    2.   Understanding basic geometric shape vs patterns for source                                                                              determinations of transfer stains
                              iv.   Lab practical
                                      1.   Making swipes and wipes
                                             a.   Drying time observations and perimeter stains
                                             b.   Drying time observations: spatter vs drips
                                             c.   Swipe vs wipe considerations
                                             d.   Swipe/wipe directionality determinations
                                                     i.   Error rate
                       j.   Misc pattern
           V.   Pattern Classification
                   a.   OSAC terminology
                   b.   Criteria for classification of a pattern
                           i.   Size, shape, distribution, appearance of each pattern
                           ii.   Injury requirements for specific patterns
                    c.   Logic Ladder
                    d.   Classification: Including and excluding pattern types
                    e.   Practical exercise: pattern classification
          VI.   Area of Origin Determinations
                     a.   Introduction to area of origin determinations
                            i.   Area of convergence vs area of origin
                     b.   Balthazard formula
                     c.   Stain selection
                     d.   Ellipse fitting exercise
                     e.   Practical exercise: area of origin determination of created impact patterns
                      f.   Technology and Area of Origin Determinations
                             i.   Hemospat
                             ii.   3D mapping (leica and faro softwares)
           VII.   Correlation of BPA with other forensic evidence
                       a.  Forensic biology
                             i.   Presumptive testing and BPA evidence
                                   1.   Molly Martens case review
                             ii.   DNA results and BPA evidence
                       b.   Wound pathology
                               i.   Understanding autopsy reports
                               ii.   Autopsy reports v hospital records
                                      1.   Unreported injuries
                         c.   Sequential unmasking of outside reports
                         d.   Sequencing bloodstain events
           VIII.   Report writing and Testimony
                         a.   How to report results
                         b.   Testimony in BPA
                                 i.   Foundational questions and commonly asked BPA questions
                                 ii.   How to explain classifications
                                 iii.   Testimony review exercise
                                 iv.   Ho
             IX.   Final Exam
Picture
Amy Santoro, MFS, CBPA, CSCSA  
Holding ​a Bachelor of Science degree in Forensics and a Master of Science in Forensic Science,  Amy Santoro is recognized by the International Association for Identification as a Certified Crime Scene Analyst. ​ 

Amy enjoys teaching and has taught courses in crime scene investigation and forensic photography to law enforcement and forensic practitioners. She is also an adjunct university professor, teaching  undergraduate classes in forensic biology and general forensic science.
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